In Erikson's theory, which stage centers on developing independence and self-control during toddlerhood?

• A. Trust vs Mistrust
• B. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• C. Industry vs Inferiority
• D. Identity vs Confusion

Answer: (B)

In Erikson's theory, toddlerhood is the stage that centers on autonomy versus shame and doubt. The main task at this age is developing independence and self-control as children begin to explore, attempt self-care like feeding themselves, dressing, and toilet training, and start making simple choices. When caregivers support these efforts and provide a safe space to practice, the child gains a sense of autonomy and confidence in what they can do. If attempts are harshly criticized or control is overly restrictive, the child may develop shame and doubt, leading to dependence on others and hesitance to take initiative. In practice, nursing care can foster autonomy by offering age-appropriate tasks, safe opportunities for self-care, choices within safe limits, and positive reinforcement for effort. This stage is distinct from infancy's focus on trust, the school-age emphasis on industry and competence, and adolescence's search for personal identity.