Ecological Model considers the complex interplay between which levels?

• A. Individual, family, church, and nation
• B. Individual, relationship, community, and societal
• C. Biological, psychological, social, and spiritual
• D. Personal, occupational, and environmental

Answer: (B)

Health and behavior are shaped by influences that span from inside the person to the broader society, all interacting with each other. The four levels are the individual, relationship, community, and societal. At the individual level, factors like knowledge, beliefs, and skills matter. The relationship level includes family, friends, and close networks that can support or constrain choices. The community level covers settings such as schools, workplaces, and neighborhoods that provide norms, resources, and opportunities. The societal level involves laws, policies, cultural values, and economic structures that shape the environment in which people live. Because these levels influence one another, effective health interventions often target multiple levels rather than focusing on a single factor.